Persecuted Imami Prince

Ali Adil Shah

Source: Google Images

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

Ali Adil Shah 1^st is probably the only ruler in Indian history who was jailed by his own father for professing Imami faith. He was second son of the fourth King of Adil Shahi dynasty Ibrahim Adil Shah I. On his accession, Ibrahim deviated from the traditions followed by his predecessors who not only loved imams but also patronized their followers and admirers. On his accession, Ibrahim reversed all previous traditions and introduced many innovations in religious and political practices. He deleted the names of twelve imams from Khutbas. Ibrahim also  sidelined the afaqi faction and replaced most of its members with Deccani to the imperial services. He retained only four hundred afaqi troops as his bodyguard. His decision shocked the people, for he had succeeded his elder brother, Mallu through the machinations of the Afaqi faction at the court. As a result of his new policy, Marathas became much powerful and influential and followers of Imams relegated to the secondary position. Even the Marathis started maintaining the accounts that was considered to be the forte of Iranians since the establishment of Bahmani kingdom. These Iranians had remained respected even after the division of Bahmani Kingdom. They had enjoyed royal favors after the formation of Adilshahi dynasty of Bijapur but accession of Ibrahim  changed the entire scenario.

Ibrahim was so fanatic his approach that he got arrested his second son Ali Adil Shah I and confined him to Miraj Jail upon coming to know about his son’s leaning towards Imams. Ibrahim ruled from 1534 to 1558 and succeeded by Ali Adil Shah as the was the fifth ruler of Bijapur. On the day of his coronation, he abandoned the practices initiated by his father who has been recorede3d by historians as a man of shady character. Ali Adil reintroduced the Khutba with the names of twelve imams and other practices abolished by Ibrahim. He granted full freedom to Iranian doctors of religion to preach Imami faith and offered attractive remuneration to carry out their missionary activities from the state exchequer.

The new Shah restored the lost glory of afaqis and put Deccanis to the position of insignificance. He subverted all the dogmatic experiments practiced by his father. He married Chand Sultana, a famous woman warrior and daughter to Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar kingdom. Ali’s greatest moment came when he united the Sultans of Deccan against Vijayanagar and earned a decisive victory at Rakkasagi in 1565.This led to the expansion of the southern boundary of Bijapur to the city of Vijayanagar.  In 1579, Ali being issueless and having no son, appointed his nephew Ibrahim, son of his brother Tahamasif, as his successor. In the same year, he was killed by a eunuch but by that time he had been able to expand Bijapur empire up to the port of Honavar on the west coast. The southern boundary of his kingdom extended along the line of Varada and Tungbhadra rivers. He lies buried in Ali Rauza near Sakaf Rauza in Bijapur. (Reference available on request)

Hussaini Maharaja Mewa Ram

Badshah Naseer Uddin Haider who sent Maharaja to Karbala

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

Maharaja Mewaram is yet another great but forgotten azadar. He used to spend two to three lakhs every year on azadari during the reign of King Naseer Uddin Haider who ruled Awadh from 1827 to 1837.Maharaja was a non- Muslim but he surpassed even Imamis in his fervor for azadari. He also built an Imambara where celebrated poets like Mir Zameer and Mirza Dabeer recited marsiyas. Mewa Ram was Dewan of Nasser Uddin Haider with titles such as Iftikhar-Ud-Daulah, Afzal Mulk, Maharaja and Salabat Jung. His titles indicate that the King held Maharaja in very high esteem. Naseer Uddin had appointed Mewa Ram as his Dewan to fill the position that had become vacant following the demise of his father.

Mewa Ram was indeed a worthy son of a worthy father. He served the King with loyalty and dedication. His fervor for azadari was also an outcome of his company with the King. Naseer Uddin Haider is described as an impulsive person but his love for Imams and azadari has never been in doubt. It was he who extended the period of Muharram mourning from Ashura to Chehlum. The tragic story of the martyrs of Karbala also stirred the emotions of his Dewan and turned him a great devotee of Imam. He not only started performing azadari with grandeur but also erected a majestic Imambara. It is ironical that the Imambara figures only in historical accounts and its exact location is not known to anyone in Lucknow. The King had so much faith on his Dewan that he had authorized him to ensure smooth conduct of azadari during Muharram in his kingdom. It was the directive of Naseer Uddin Haider to Maharaja that at least 100 chaprasees should be deployed for Muharram ceremonies and Syeds and destitute should be treated generously during Marasim-E-Azadari.

While information about the Imambara is scarce but there is enough material to suggest that his fervor for azadari earned him an exalted status that even no King of Awadh could get for himself. Maharaja as a reward for his azadari found his last resting place near the shrine of Hazrat Imam Hussain. An article by Akbar Haideri published in 1993 in a popular Urdu magazine published by Information department of Uttar Pradesh Government reveals that Maharaja died in Karbala in July 1867.

Munshi Ram Sahai Tamanna in his work “ Ahsan- Ut -Tawareekh” has blamed one Subhan Khan for his visit to Karbala. According to him, Khan wanted to occupy the position of Maharaja Mewa Ram. He on his own told the King that Maharaja wanted to visit Karbala for the ziarat of Imam Hussain’s shrine. The king being aware of his love for Imams immediately granted him permission. Maharaja then proceeded to Karbala and breathed his last there. Tamanna has hinted in his story as if Maharaja left unwillingly for Karbala whereas if his devotion to Imams is any indication it becomes obvious that he would have left for Karbala gladly. Everyone knows that one who loves Imams never bothers about worldly positions and material. (Reference available on request)      

Hazrat Ali Akbar-Role Model for Youths

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

Among the martyrs of Karbala, Hazrat Ali Akbar represents how the handsome looks of a youth should be matched by good deeds. His birthday (10^th /11^th Shaban) is rightly celebrated as the Day of Youth in Iran. He is indeed a role model for youths of all times because of his bravery, sense of duty, noble character, generosity, geniality and love for justice. Ali Akbar was born to Imam Hussain probably in 42 AH in Medina. He bore striking resemblance to his great grand father Prophet Hazrat Mohammad. His voice and eloquent manner of speech brought sweet memories of the Prophet to the people. Imam Hussain was often heard to say “Whenever I remember the holy Prophet, I look at the face of Ali Akbar”.

He learnt the art of fencing from Hazrat Abbas whose very name is synonym of bravery.  His character and face resembled Prophet but he was like his grand father Hazrat Ali Ibn Abi Talib in bravery. He had a beautiful voice and used to recite azan. Ali Akbar was extremely popular among the youths but his exemplary martyrdom on 10^th Muharram in 61 AH (680 AD) made him immortal. How duty bound he was on Ashura both as a son and savior of Islam is reflected from his introduction to his foes “I am Ali, the son of Husain, the son of Ali, By the House of God, we are those with the Prophet righteously, By God, the son of a spurious son, will not judge us, "I will strike with the blow of a Hashmi, a Quraishi. “ He fought so bravely despite hunger and thirst that no one dared to come close to him in single combat. Ali Akbar killed many famous warriors with his sword. His repeated attacks with matchless ferocity prompted Yazid’s commander, Umar-E-Saad to ask his soldiers to refrain from single combat and surround the Hashemite prince from all sides to kill him. Narrators have recorded him saying, "When he dies, Hussain will not want to live! Ali Akbar is the life of Hussain."

How strong was the bond of Imam Hussain with his son is demonstrated by his words while sending Ali Akbar to Maidan-E-Kaarsaz( Battle field).He held God as witness and said “I am now offering  as sacrifice a person who is the carbon copy of the Prophet. Whenever I missed seeing Your Prophet, I look at him”. Then, Imam recited ayah 34 of Surah Aal-E- Imran of the holy Quran “Indeed Allah chose Adam and Noah, and the progeny of Abraham and the progeny of Imran above all the nations."




Agha Moosvi in his message delivered on Hazrat Ali Akbar’s birth day in the recent past was justified when he called the young son of Imam Hussain as moazzin (one who shouts the call to prayer)-e-Hussainiyat. His exacts word are “Hussainiyat is the name of Deen-O-Shariat while Deen-O-Shariat is commensurate with respect of mankind, safety of human beings and excellence of humanity. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH&HP) is the extract of all prophets (AS) while the message of Karbala is the essence of deen (faith) and shahzada Ali Akbar (AS) is moazzin of the message of Karbala.”

As yet another birthday of Hashemite prince is being celebrated, each Imami must remember that Hussaini Mission needs youths like Ali Akbar. They should not only held him in the highest esteem but also treat him as their role model for overcoming the worldly problems  that usually leave them stranded and stressed.(This article has been written as a homage to Hazrat Ali Akbar on his birthday and reference is available on request).  Photo Courtesy- Google Images

‘Intoxicated’ Sufi- Bayazid Bistami

Impressive Entrance of Bayazid Bistami's Shrine

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

Bayazid Bistami is famous for propounding the doctrine of "annihilation of the self in God" (fana fi 'Allah') and "subsistence through God" (baqa' bi 'Allah).He is also regarded as the first intoxicated Sufi for expressing his feelings openly. Many shunned him and called him heretic due to his bizarre sayings. Bayazid never suppressed his feelings or his love for Imams. His paradoxical sayings gained a wide circulation and soon exerted a captivating influence over the minds of students who aspired to understand the meaning of the wahdat al-wujud(, Unity of Being).It is widely believed that Bayazid learnt this doctrine from the Twelve Imams, who declared "We are the Wajhullah (Face of God), we are the Eyes of Allah, we are the Hands of Allah"

Bayazid's predecessor Dhul-Nun al-Misri, a student of Jābir who was a student of the sixth Imam Jafar Sadiq, had formulated the doctrine of marifat (gnosis).With the help of this doctrine, a Murid(initiate) was able to communicate with his sheikh (guide). Bayazid took a step further and highlighted the significance of ecstasy. He referred the state as a means of self-annihilation in the Divine Presence. To him, Sufism was based on piety and obedience. Bayazid placed the concept of divine love at the core of Sufism.

He was born in Bistam in 804 CE. His grandfather was a Zoroastrian who embraced Islam. His grandfather had three sons, Adam, Taifur and Ali. All of them were ascetics. Bayazid was son of Taifur. His early life shrouds in mystery .Much is not known of his childhood. It is however known that Bayazid spent most of his time in meditation and seclusion in his house and the mosque. Although he remained in isolation but he did not detach himself from people. He welcomed people into his house and used to discuss with them about Sufism. In later years, he renounced all worldly pleasures in order to be one with God. His efforts led him to a state of "self- annihilation". According to Sufis, a person closest to the God can only attain this state. He received initiation from Imam Ali ar-Reza. It is also believed that he was also associated with the succeeding Imams, namely Muhammad Taqi, Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari. This assumption is based following his existence during the lifetime of three Imams.It is widely believed that he left for his heaven,y abode either in 874 Ce or 877 CE. His life span covers the period of the three Imams who succeeded Imam Reza.Being a disciple of the Twelve Imams and the first amongst the Sufis to formally articulate the doctrine of "annihilation" of the self in Allah, it is also claimed that Bayazid was expressing the annihilation of his self in the presence of awaited Imam Mahdi who was four years old when he was first seen publicly at the funeral of his father Imam Hasan al-Askari

Being a true Imami he never bothered about the social or any other consequence of his sayings. He preferred to earn the title of an intoxicated Sufi but did not behave like mystic Junaid who reserved his feelings within himself and did not allow his expressions to be observed to the outside world. In India, Bayazid is known as the patron saint of mystic Hazrat Badi Uddin Zinda Shah Madar who is considered as the founder of Madariya Sufi order. Like Bayazid, Shah Madar is also famous for his love for Panjatan and his last resting place Makanpur is still a prominent center of taziadari in north India. The wandering mendicants, commonly known as Malangs, who attend his annual Urs are also diehard admirers of Panjatan-E-Pak. While performing Dhammal (Dance), they raise slogans like Ek Nara Panjatan, Ya Ali, Ya Ali, Ya Ali, Ya Ali. They always wear black clothes to indicate their mourning on a permanent mode.  (References available on request) Photo Courtesy- Google Images

Great Patron of Azadari- Abdullah Qutb Shah

Tomb of Abdullah Qutb Shah

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

Historians have not acknowledged the immense contribution of Abdullah Qutb Shah, the seventh ruler of Golconda, to promotion of Azadari in Deccan. They have preferred to portray him as polyglot, lover of poetry and music. His reign from 1626 and 1672 is described as full of sorrow and trouble. This fact is rarely mentioned that he not only patronized Azadari and taziadari but also architecture, literature, art, culture and sciences.  He was an accomplished Persian poet himself and established religious institutions in Hyderabad that are still functional and become hub of Muharram ceremonies. His mother, the sagacious lady, Hayat Bakhshi Begum, was the daughter of the founder of the city of Hyderabad, Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. His father Sultan Mohammad Qutb Shah was the nephew of and successor of Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah.

Abdullah had inherited tremendous love for Ahle-Bait from his pious mother. He owed his existence and enthronement to the blessings of Masoomeen. He was aware of his miraculous escape from certain death as a child. He was impulsive in his early age and once he wished to ride ‘Murat’- a favorite elephant of his father .As the tusker was in a foul mood, his attendants tried in vain to stop him from riding Murat. He however did not pay any heed. Upon reaching the bank of river Musi, Murat turned uncontrollable. The furious elephant knocked down the Mahout, trampled few other persons and entered the nearby forest with Abdullah. No trace of Murat and Abdullah could be found for next three days. As his hapless mother awaited her son, the Muharram moon was sighted. Begum Hayat Bakhsi    prayed to Imam Husain and took pledge to present her missing son bound in chains at the doorsteps of the Hussaini Alam Ashurkhana if he returned safety. Her vow evoked positive result and Abdullah returned safely at the gate of fort. Begum honored the pledge by getting prepared a gold chain of 40 ‘maund’ weight. She took her son, bound in golden chains, barefoot on the red carpet, from the fort to the Ashur Khana where the chain was broken into pieces and distributed among the poor along with food and sherbet.

After ascending throne, Abdullah strived to add to the grandeur of Azadari. He invited scholars from, Ira n and maintained   correspondence with Safavid Emperor Shah Abbas II. During his rule, Ibn Babawaiy Qummi’s celebrated book on the 8th Infallible Imam of the Prophet’s Household “Oyoun Akhbar ar-Reza” under the title “Toḥfa-e Malaki” was translated by Ali Ibn Taifur from Arabic to Persian. Abdullah also wrote Marsiyas. His collection has four Marsiyas with fifty four couplets. He has even written that Imam Hussain helps those who attended Majalis to recall his martyrdom..
Mirza Nizamuddin Ahmad has given a vivid description of Muharram ceremonies during the period of Abdullah in his work ‘Hadiqat-us-Salatin’. Meer Abul Qasim in Hadiqa-ul-Alam has also made similar observations. History records that the moment the moon of  Muharram was sighted, the Sultan used to wear black clothes. The musical instruments were placed in their containers and no music was played and no dance performed.  People belonging to all the sections of the society abstained from eating meat or drinking liquor. Even Pan was not chewed.  Black costumes were distributed to all the employees. Fourteen Alams made of gold and studded with jewels were installed Baadshahi Ashur Khana. Every evening the Sultan used to visit Ashur Khana along with his nobles and offered floral tributes to the martyrs of Karbala. In the Majalis organized to mark the occasion, marsiyas of Sultan were recited. During Muharram, he distributed food with his own hands to the poor and the needy, irrespective of religion, sect or caste. On the tenth Muharram, the Sultan used to come to the mosque bare footed to perform Amaal-e-Ashura and returned. Due to sheer devotion of their King, people throughout the Golconda Empire raised Alams during Muharram days in their Chowries and Dewan Khanas. People used to sit in Ashur Khanas and silently prayed throughout the night for the fulfillment of their wishes. The popularity of Abdullah among his people raises doubt over his portrayal as a man of personal weaknesses.( References available on request).

Hazrat Abbas- Epitome of Loyalty & Virtues

Shrine of Maula Abbas at Karbala

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

 “Naam Darpan Hai Mera Lekin Dharam Abbas ka

Her Ghari Rehta Hai Mujh Per Yun Karam Abbaska
Moorti ki ab Jagah MaiN'ne, Saja kar Rakh Diya
Choomta Hoon Subha Uthte He Alam Abbas ka”

“My name is Darpan but my faith is Abbas

Each moment of my life is blessed by Abbas

I have replaced the idol and installed an ‘Alam’(Standard)

I Kiss in the morning the blessed Standard of Abbas.”

The above couplet in praise of Hazrat Abbas by a Hindu poet Darpan illustrates as to how Alamdar-E-Karbala is revered by people of all faiths. He enjoys tremendous respect and love in the hearts of people by being Babul Hawaij-One who fulfills the wishes).

Today is the birth anniversary of Hazrat Abbas. He was born at Medina on 4th Shaban in 26 Hijri.(645 AD). When Imam Ali heard the news of his birth, he  prostrated himself on the ground as a token of gratitude to Allah. Imam Hussain took the baby in his arms and recited the Azan and Aqamat (Calls for Prayers) in his right and left ears respectively. Then, he new born baby opened his eyes to see the beloved face of Imam Hussain. On the seventh day of his birth, Imam Ali named him as Abbas after his Aqeeqa ceremony. Hazrat Abbas not only grew as a tall and handsome man but his personality included each and every lofty characteristic. He was a whole world of virtues and merits, for he had inherited all elements of human perfection from his father and was considered as the epitome of virtue and high moral standards..

He was so handsome that he was famous Qamar-E-Bani Hashim (The  Moon of the family of Hashim.)Hazrat Abbas (a.s.) was also a valiant warrior. He exhibited his bravery in the battle of Siffin as a teenager. He was a faithful and trustworthy advisor. So devoted was Abbas that he never left the side of Imam Hussein.

The greatness of his personality reached its zenith in Karbala. he became the standard bearer of imam Husain’s small army  in the most trying conditions. he also guarded the imam, protected the ladies of prophet’s household, took care of children, tried to dig out wells and volunteered himself to fetch water when he could not bear the plight of thirsty children, including the beloved daughter of Imam Hussain Bibi Sakina. With his courage, he drove away hordes of enemies and reached the banks of the River Euphrates. Although he was thirsty himself, he never drank a drop of water. After filling the goatskin water-carrier, while he was making his way towards the Imam's camp, the cowardly enemy attacked him from all sides. They severed his both hands and finally struck a blow on his head. By sacrificing his life for bringing water and the way he remained loyal to imam till his last breath astonished the world. His life is now considered as the most beautiful and epical manifestation of courage, faith, loyalty, hospitality and affection. He is the only martyr of Karbala who did not have hands to support himself when he came down from his horse to the ground with an arrow struck in his eye.  

Many centuries have passed since he attained martyrdom but  still tens of thousands of pilgrims keep going to Karbala year after year from all parts of the world to pay their respects to the Emperor of loyalty at his magnificent Mausoleum. They offer salutations and  seek his intercession, for he is known for fulfilling vows and many miracles  have occurred at his shrine.

The words  of awaited Imam Mahdi, Allah may hasten his return,  about Hazrat Abbas exhibits his exalted status as follows :

"Salaam be upon Abu'l-Fadl al-Abbas, son of Amir ul-Mu'minin. He preferred his brother to himself, supplied himself with (opportunities of) today for (rewards of) tomorrow, sacrificed himself for his brother, protected him, hurried for fetching him water, and his two hands were cut (for such). Allah curse his killers; Yazid ibn ar-Raqqad and Hukaim ibn at-Tuffail at-Taee…" 

The statement of  Imam Mahdi praises Hazrat Abbas for the noble characteristics that he enjoyed.:the similar views have been expressed by a poet in the following couplet :

“Abbas-e-BaWafa teri midhar mein kiya likhoon
Misl-e-Ali ya Bazu-e-Mushkil Kusha likhoon
Qaim tujh hi se silsilay hain mehr-o-wafa kay
Haq tou yehi hey tujh ko wafa ka Khuda likhoon”

English Translation

“What should I write in your praise, Abbas

Write you like Ali or as his shoulder,

The loyalty flows constantly  from you,

You are truly God of loyalty, Abbas “

(Reference available on request)

Imam Hussain and Bibi Shahr Banu

Koh-E-Bibi Shahr Banu Near Tehran in Iran.Courtesy: Google Images 

Dr. Mazhar Naqvi

"Born of the race of Yazdigird the King

From Nushirwan my origin I trace.

What time kind Fortune naught but joy did bring

In Ray's proud city was my home and place.

There in my father's palace once at night

In sleep to me came Fatima ' the Bright ' ;

' O Shahr-banu ' — thus the vision cried —

' I give thee to Husayn to be his bride ! '

Said I, ' Behold Mada'in is my home,

And how shall I to far Madina roam ?

Impossible ! ' But Fatima cried, ' Nay,

Hasan shall hither come in war's array,

And bear thee hence, a prisoner of war,

From this Mada in to Madina far,

Where, joined in wedlock with Husayn my boy,

Thou shalt bear children who will be my joy.

For nine Imams to thee shall owe their birth,

The like of them hath not been seen on earth ! "

This wonderful translation of a Persian play By Browne Edward describes how the marriage of Imam Hussain with Janab-E-Shahr Banu was predicted by Bibi Fatima in a dream. Every year in Iran passion plays are enacted with Janab-E- Shahr Banu -  as the main character. The drama titled as  " The Passing of Shahr Banu," portrays her speaking  that one day when she was fast asleep in the palace of her father King Yezdigird, Bibi Fatima –The illuminated one, appeared in my dream. She told Shahr Banu that she has given the princess to her son Hussain as his bride. Shahr Banu wondered over the declaration and asked how could she be in Medina being too awayt from the holy city. She got the answer from Bibi  as prisoner of war she would be in Medina, marry Hussain and be considered as mother of nine Imams who will be unparalleled on earth.  The time proved prophecy correct. Shahr Banu, with two sisters, was brought to Medina from Ctesiphon as captives. The Caliph ordered them to be sold as slaves, but Hazrat Ali intervened and Shahr Banu was given to Imam Husain. The marriage was of much significance because it included the blue blood of the royal house of Sasan in the veins of those blessed with  the pure and pious blood of Prophet Hazrat Mohammad.  Imami scholars also claim that Hazrat Ali too had foretold the birth of the next Imam, for he said to imam Hussain  "Treat this lady kindly, for she will bear you the best of the people of the Earth after you. She is the mother of the trustees (of authority), the pure progeny".

The blogger has given a detailed description of the marriage of Imam Hussain with Shahr Banu because today is 3^rd Shaban – the birth anniversary of Imam Hussain. He was  born in  4th year of Hijrah in Medina. The  Prophet had rejoiced upon hearing the news of his birth and reached the house of his beloved daughter  to see the  child. When Imam Hussain was brought to him wrapped in  a white cloth the  Prophet  picked him up in his lap and recited the Azaan in his right ear and iqamah in the left one.. On the seventh day of the birth, an angel came from the God and he said, "Just as Haroon was the brother, sympathizer, and helper in each and every difficulty of Moses  similarly Ali is your sympathizer, helper and brother in each and every matter of yours. Therefore, keep the name of this child upon the name of Haroon's son "Shabeer,"  the Arabic translation of which becomes 'HUSSAIN. Usually, his name brings tears only and azadari is performed to recall his martyrdom. No doubt Muharram has kept alive his memory and mission both. But much rejoicing should also  be done on his birth day .If the birth anniversary of the savior of Islam is not celebrated with pomp and show who else deserves?( Browne Edward G.is author of ‘A literary history of Persia and the translation has been taken from the book of John Norman Hollister titled as The Shia of India )  

Pagal Panthis-Protectors of Imami and Sufi Rituals

 

Fakir Majnu Shah- Courtesy Google Images

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

Pagal Panthis are described as adherents of a syncretic mixture of Hinduism, Sufism and Animism. It is also regarded as a socio-religious order that strived to uphold religious principles and the rights of landless peasants in 18th century Bengal. But it is rarely highlighted that Pagal Panthis were followers of Panjatan and they opposed British under the leadership of Karim Shah when they found East India Company interfering in their Imami and Sufi rituals. As Pagal Panthis have been living in harmony with other non- Muslim communities for centuries, they also took up the cause of Hajangs, Dalus, Hudis, Garos and Rajvangshies who were mainly professing tribal faiths and adhered to animism. So dynamic was the leadership of Karim Shah that the campaign against the company turned into a mass movement. Pagal Panthis also did not spare Zamindars, for they considered big landlords as pro-British and exploiter of peasants.

Karim Shah was a true disciple of Madariya Fakir Majnu Shah. He took the mantle of armed struggle against the British after the martyrdom of Majnu Shah who has the distinction of being the first Hindustani to raise the standard of revolt against the British in Bengal, Orissa and Bihar.  Karim Shah however concentrated mainly in the Mymensingh and Sherpur region that is now a part of Bangladesh. After the death of Karim Shah in 1813, his son Tipu Shah became the leader of the order. Karim Shah’s wife Chand Bibi also extended whole hearted support to her son and the movement because of her influential position in the society. She was called by the people as Pir Mata (Mother of a saint).

The region enjoyed considerable religious harmony and served as a base for Majnu Shah who is credited with encouraging revolts against the British who gained  control over Bengal and later much of India after the battle of Plassey in 1757. The trouble began when the British attempted to abolish the traditional grants being enjoyed by Fakirs and Sanyasis. Moreover, they also tried to recover the cost of Burma War by imposing severe taxation and deployed landlords for realization of revenue. Forcible collections and usurption of property increased peasant discontent and disorder. The Pagal Panthis reacted sharply at the sinister design of British to curb Muharram and Sufi ceremonies. It is a well known fact that the British always looked at Muharram ceremonies with suspicion and the Muharram riot of Calcutta in 1779 is a pointed to the fact. The order not only sought to protect the interest of peasants but also aimed at eliminating the interference of company officials in the religious matters. Basing his forces in a mud-fort near Sherpur, Pagal Panthis proclaimed their rule in the name of Allah and assumed the religious and political leadership of the community. The people of the region stopped paying taxes to the British.

After Tipu Shah's death in 1852, the order came under the leadership of Janku and Dobraj Pathor, who organised another peasant resistance movement against the landlords and British authorities. An armed group of Pagal Panthis under the leadership of the Pathors stormed into Sherpur town, looted government offices and overpowered the officials, landlords and police, forcing them to flee to Mymensingh. Declaring themselves rulers of the town and surrounding areas, the rebels held control for almost two years. It is unfortunate that the role of Pagal Panthis is not given much prominence in Indian history and they are looked as if they had fought not for Hindustan but for Bangladesh only. For this reason, Majnu Shah is less known despite having his tomb in Makanpur-the headquarters of Madariya Sufi Order in Kanpur district. On the contrary, he is a national hero and even movies have been produced to eulogize him Bangladesh. Madariya Sufis and fakirs are rightly considered to be the most patriotic among popular Sufi orders of India. They shook the British Empire for almost a century. They are also famous for their love for Maula Ali, Imam Hasan and Hussain. The Malangs (Wandering Mendicants) of this order observes the Imami Rituals and wear Black clothes as a symbol of their constant mourning over the tragedy of Karbala (Reference available on request).      

"Muharram in Indonesia"

A Tabuik Being Immersed In Pariaman.Courtesy : Google Image

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

Pariaman, located along a beautiful 7-mile coastline and once famous as a thriving seaport, is now better known for its annual Tabuik ceremonies observed in memory of the martyrs of Karbala. Tabuik, derived from Arabic word, Tabut, is in fact local manifestation of the Remembrance of Muharram among the Minangkabau people in West Indonesia. The observance includes reenactments of the Battle of Karbala, and the playing of tasha and dhols particularly in Pariaman and areas surrounding it. Although originally an Imami festival, currently most inhabitants of Pariaman and its neighborhood observe Tabuik with solemnity and participate actively in the ceremonies ,irrespective of caste, creed and religion. Over the years, Tabuik ceremonies have also become a major tourist attraction as people from all over the world arrive during Muharram to watch richly decorated Tabuik made from Bamboo, rattan and paper and decorated with eight umbrella-sized, handcrafted flowers. It is placed above a statue of a Buraq, a powerful steed with broad wings and the head of a smiling girl. A tabuik is erected with three levels and its usual length exceeds 15 meters at times. It weighs approximately 500 kilograms.The base level has long wooden poles that enable the devotees to carry it to its final destination. Some devotees perform a mock-battle with another Tabuik like Akharas of muharram processions in india and Pakistan.During the first ten days of Muharram, traditional plays such as Tari Piring and several other activities.The remembrance draws a large crowd including dignitaries such as the provincial governor, to see Tabuik in the morning before it is slowly taken to the beach. At noon, before it is immersed into the sea, devotees rush to touch and have a last glimpse of Tabuik. Many even throw themselves into sea to find remains of Tabuik and keep them as tabarruk or holy relic at their homes.

Two communities, Pasar and Subarang, actively participate in the Tabuik procession. The popularity of Tabuik can easily be attributed to the efforts of these communities.  Commencing on the first day of Muharram, two Tabuik cenotaphs are assembled in preparation for the final procession. Construction begins with the collection of earth from Subarang and Pasar land. This earth is wrapped in white cloth and later put into the Tabuik to represent the graves of Hasan and Hussein. Special rites accompany the making of the Tabuik. These rituals represent different parts of Imam Hussain’s story and symbolise his courage in fighting the enemy, as well as that of his brave companions who did not leave him despite three days thirst and hunger.

The tradition of Tabuik was introduced by Indian of British Army and traders in 1831. The term tabuik, is derived from Bahasa Indonesia, tabut, It started from the port  Pariaman , for it  was the place where traders from the  Minangkabau interior of West Sumatra have been brining gold, pepper, honey, and candlenuts and other local produce to sell and exchange since 15^th Century. When British army comprising of many Imamis, arrived from Madras to the port they started observing Muharram ceremonies. The martyrdom of Imam Hussain appealed to the locals greatly and they too started participating in the Muharram remembrance. In the process, they turned Pariaman as a  prominent place where the remembrance of martyrdom of Imam Hussain is observed with remarkable grandeur.( reference available on request)

"Hussain Ka Gham Karo Azizan" - Mulla Wajahi

Dr.Mazhar Naqvi

“Hussain Ka Gham Karo Azizan
Anjo Nain Sun Jharo Azizan”

“Yo Kya andesh Kita Falak Shahan Par Sitam Khudaya,
Hussain Pe Yarran Durud bhejo ki Deen ka Yon Diya Jalaya
Tumare Wajahi ko ya Immaman nahi Tu,man bin Su Iska Saaya”

                          

The above lines urging people to mourn the martyrdom of Imam Hussain and describing him as savior of Islam belong to Mulla Wajahi. He is better known as the writer of oldest ‘Masnavi’ of Urdu literature titled ‘Qutub Mushtari’ but his poetry devoted to Prophet Mohammad, Maula Ali and Imam Hussain have yet to get due recognition even among Imamis.

 His original name was Asadullah and his nom de plume was Wajahi. He saw the regime of four sultans of Qutub Shahi sultanate, Ibrahim Qutub Shah, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah, Muhammad Qutub Shah and Sultan Abdullah. Wajahi was at the post of a laureate at the court of Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah. He composed two books, one in poetry and other in prose. Both the books are epics. He considered himself as one of the greatest poets and even composed a couplet to support his claim:

“Na pahunche, Na pahuncha hai gun gyan mein

So tuti munjh aisa Hindustan mein.”

(There is not any parrot like me in the whole India, which has received on such height of poetry). He wrote qutub Mushtari in just 12 days as is evident from his own words wherein he says:

“Tamam is kiya des barah mane

Sanah ek hazar hor atharah mane”

(I have finished it in twelve days only, and this was the year of 1018 AH)

Wajahi also wrote two Marsiyas having twenty two couplets. One of his Marsiya reveals that even ladies used to conduct Majalis. Wajhi has given a graphic picture of mourning women in a beautiful verse. Wajahi was a great devotee of Maula Ali and he has eulogized Shah-e-Najaf in as many as 51 couplets in Qutub Mushtari. Masnavi is the name given to the poem written in rhyming couplets in Urdu . It originated during the Bahmani Kingdom in 14th Century. The story of Qutub Mushtari revolves around a Golcunda prince, his bravery and love with Mehek Pari. Wajahi has used Masnavi to highlight the virtues of Imam Ali and has attributed the success of prince in his endeavors to the blessings of the first Imam. For example, when the prince kills a python, Wajahi says:

“Ali Wali The Madadgar Waan

Khudabin Na Koi Shai to tha Yar Waan”

(Shahzada killed the python with the help of Maula Ali)

Similarly Wajahi has described the position of caliphate as much inferior to his exalted status as spiritual successor of Prophet Mohammad. He writes:

“Khilafat se Uncha Tera Thar Hai,

Khilafat tujhe Baisna aar Hai”

(Your status is much higher to caliphate)

Wajahi sums up the bravery of Maula Ali in the following couplet:

“Ali Dast The Shai Kun Har Thar Fatah,

Ki Nusrat Rafiq Hor Hai yaar Fatah”

When Mehek Pari offers a horse to Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah in the epic, Wajahi finds the occasion to mention Duldul:

“Turang Khuoob Khush Shaklo Wasil Haiu

Ki Haider ke Duldul Kera Nsal Hai”

Wajahi has also exhibited tremendous faith of Prophet in Ali, he says:

“Uthe Yaar Sab Yaar Band Bahot Kar

Bharosa Nabika Tha Tuj Par”

He discusses the role of Maula Ali on the night of Meraj:

“Muhammad ko Jis raat Hui Meraj,

Wahan Doosra Na Tha koi Alibaaz”

Wajahi describes Maula Ali as the most beneficial for the faithful after Allah and his messenger. He says:

“Awwal Khuda Hai, Doyam Nabi, soyam(third)Wali.Ye teen Naauin The momin Ke Dil Ko Tajjali.”

(Reference available on request)